Breakfast and Muscle Health in Children

One in every three children ages 2-19 years is overweight or obese. Although multifactorial
in nature, obesity is primarily attributed to a mismatch between energy intake and energy
expenditure (EE). Daily EE (DEE) can be partitioned between resting metabolic rate (RMR), EE
associated with physical activity, and the thermic effect of food (TEF). RMR corresponds to
the energy needed to sustain the body functions at rest and is also related to body
composition (i.e., ratio of skeletal muscle mass to fat mass). Skeletal muscle mass is a
large contributor to RMR; the more skeletal muscle mass, the higher the RMR (i.e., more
energy expended at rest). In addition, muscle plays a central role in whole body protein
metabolism and disrupted muscle metabolism is associated with the development of many common
chronic diseases associated with obesity such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Although the contribution of disrupted muscle metabolism to chronic disease is
well-established in older adults, the potential impact in children is unknown. The overall
objective for this primary project application is to determine the role of breakfast protein
consumption in improving energy metabolism, energy balance and skeletal muscle health in
obese, school-aged children.