Intervention Development and Pilot for Foster Care Youth

This R21 application for a 3-year exploratory/development grant for intervention research is
designed to develop, standardize and provide a preliminary test of a novel intervention for
children, ages 9-11, placed in out-of-home care. Children and adolescents with a history of
maltreatment and subsequent placement in foster care are at risk for substantial mental
health and behavioral problems of great public health significance. In the prior longitudinal
work with children in foster care, the investigators have described the population, examined
child welfare system impact, and identified modifiable psychosocial risk and protective
factors. These pre-intervention activities, supported by the principal investigator's K01
award, have enabled the investigator to address important methodological issues that have
hampered the development of intervention efforts targeting this high-risk population.

Based on this pre-intervention research, feedback from focus group participants, and a review
of other efficacious programs for high-risk youth, the investigators propose to design an
intervention for preadolescent youth in foster care consisting of three primary components:
assessment and advocacy, mentoring, and therapeutic skills groups. The proposed R21
activities include developing the assessment battery and intervention protocol, manualizing
the treatment, estimating recruitment and attrition rates, and conducting a small-scale
randomized-controlled pilot study of the intervention. The goals of the intervention will be
to improve mental health, social, academic and behavioral functioning and to reduce youths'
initiation of, and participation in, problem behaviors. The investigators will conduct a
preliminary examination of whether these proximal outcomes are moderated by baseline
characteristics and/or mediated by the process variables targeted by the intervention.
Estimates of effect size will be used to determine the sample size needed for adequate power
to conduct a full-scale randomized controlled trial. The pilot study will also focus on
issues of feasibility, program uptake, and replicability, and the investigators will modify
the assessment battery, protocol, and manuals following the pilot phase and prior to the
application for an R01 to conduct a large-scale efficacy trial.

Inclusion Criteria:

All of the 9-11-year-old children court-ordered into out-of-home care (as a result of
maltreatment) over the prior year in participating counties, including:

1. Youth placed in group homes, foster homes, and with kin

2. Youth with significant behavior problems

3. Youth who meet criteria for mental health diagnoses or dual diagnosis

4. Youth with mild cognitive impairment

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Youth who reunify before the beginning of the intervention

2. Youth with significant cognitive, behavioral, and/or mental health impairment that
interfered with either with their ability to benefit from the prevention program or to
participate safely

3. Youth who were not proficient enough in English to participate

4. Youth who lived too far from sites where groups were hel

When siblings were both eligible, only one sibling was randomly selected to participate in
the study, and the other(s) was excluded