A Reinforcement Approach to Improve Diabetes Management

Inclusion Criteria:

1. age 12-21 years old;

2. diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) >12 months via ADA guidelines

3. receiving diabetes treatment at Yale Pediatric Diabetes Clinic and not meeting
clinical care guidelines

4. SMBG user with clinical recommendations to test >4 times/day and using a device that
allows for remote uploading (e.g., Aviva, Contour, Freestyle, Lifescan, etc.;
equipment for uploading will be provided);

5. access to a computer with internet for uploading and sending SMBG data;

6. access to a cell phone with text messaging capabilities and willing to text after SMBG
testing and receive messages about reinforcement;

7. English speaking, able to read at >5th grade level, and pass an informed consent quiz;
and adequate knowledge of insulin dosing and dietary recommendations for managing T1D.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. have a major psychiatric or neurocognitive disorder (e.g., severe learning impairment)
that would inhibit participation;

2. have a major visual impairment;

3. have a significant other medical condition that impacts diabetes management (e.g.,
asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, or other condition that requires steroid treatment);

4. plan to switch insulin delivery mode (injection to pump or vice versa) in the next 12
months, or have recently switched;

5. are participating in another clinical trial.